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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Tutorial. Inline, embedded and external styles.

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Tutorial-12-CSS

Page Contents.

Introduction
Defining a Style
Applying Style Sheets	1. Inline style sheet defined within a tag. 2. Internal style sheet defined within the head part of a page called an 3. External style sheet defined in a separate, hence external, file. < HEAD> Section of your pages CSS external file
P tag
BODY tag
CSS Editors

Introduction

This page introduced 31 Jul 03 is being worked on. More information will be added

Style Sheets, Cascading Style Sheets and CSS are all mean the same thing and are the modern way of defining the design and layout of your web page(s). An ideal way of replacing the deprecated tags and attributes, such as the FONT tag.

In this tutorial you will learn how to change the look of your pages, background, text and link colours, the look of tables, headings borders and many other aspects of a pages appearance, using CSS.

With CSS you can either

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Define a Style of an existing tag. Some of the more popular tags for this treatment are BODY, P, H1, H2 etc, TABLE, TR, TD, LINK.

and / or
Define the appearance of a style that you create.

Defining a Style

A style is defined with three sections: a selector, a property and a value as follows

selector {property: value}

Example of defining a HTML tag:

P {font-size: 10pt}

The selector in this example is redefining the P HTML element to have a size of 10 points
Brackets must be curly brackets.
The colon : separates the property from the value.

Where several properties and values are required for a particular selector, the above can be repeated

P {font-size: 10pt}
P {color: #000033}

or the following shortcut can be used

selector {property: value; property: value; property: value; }

Example:

BODY {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 10pt;
background-color: #3333FF;
color: #000033;
}

The semi colon ; is used as a separator.
The code can be written all on 1 line, white space has been used in the example to improve readability.

Applying Style Sheets

There are 3 types of style sheets. The difference is where the style is defined and the area where that style is applied.

1. Inline style sheet within a tag. Applies only to that particular occurance of that tag.
2. Internal (also called Embedded) style sheet is defined within the head section of a page. Applies to that page only
3. External style sheet defined in a separate, hence external, file. Applies to all pages that link to the external style sheet.

Note that more than one of these 3 types can be used on a page, and you can link more than one External style sheet to a page.

1. Inline style sheet Within a tag

Use for

Inline style sheet are should only be used where a particular style is not going to be repeated elsewhere on the page/site.

Where to define

The definition is defined within the HTML tag in the body section of the HTML code. It must be redefined every time it is required

Syntax

The sytax for inline styles is slightly simpler than that of Internal and External styles in that there is no selector and no curly brackets.

Using style example

2. Internal style sheet

Where to define

The definition is written once in In the head part of a page. It must be written on every page that requires that style.

Use for

Because of the above it is ideal if only 1 page is going to be used for this style.

The styles can then be used more than once throughout the page.

The Internal style sheet is defined within the head section.

<head>
< style type="text/css">
Your Style definitions go here
< /style>
< /head>

Example:

<head>
< style type="text/css">
Body {background-color: #3333FF; color: #000033;}
p {margin-left: 6px}
< /style>
< /head>

3. Create a separate style sheet file

Use for

This is the best method if you wish to control the design of more that one page.

Where to define

The style definitions are only written once and saved into a file. Each page that wishes to use that file places a link to the file in the HEAD section.

<HEAD> Section of your pages

Place the following link into the <head> section of your page, use the name you have selected for the CSS file in place of yourStyleFileName.css

CSS external file

CSS files are ordinary text files and can be written in a simple text editor such as notepad. The file must be given the extension .css

Cascading

The term Cascading is used because more than 1 style sheet can be used on any particular page.

Order of precedence

If the same style is defined with different values in the different style sheets then the order of precedence is

Inline Style Sheets

Internal Style Sheets

The last External Style sheet moving in order to the first External Style Sheet linked in the head section,

BODY tag

The Body tag has properties and values that control the appearance of the page. The following code example code has the more popular properties and values

BODY {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 10pt;
background-color: #3333FF;
color: #000033;
}

font-family:

As stated earlier the font that is selected by you can not be used unless that font is on the users computer. Therefore only popular fonts should be used. As a safeguard more that 1 font can be defined. This allows alternative fonts to be stated, in case your first choice is unavailable on the users computer.

It is better to list more than 1 font to ensure that the user views your page as intended. The selection should end with a generic font e.g. serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, or monospace.

Fonts with spaces in there names such as "Times New Roman" must be placed in quotes.

Examples:
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

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font-size

The size of the font can be in

Size in	Use	Size in	Use
Pixels	px	Picas	pc
Points	pt	ems	em
Inch	in	exs	ex
Centimetre	cm	%	%
Millimetre	mm

Examples:

font-size: 10px;

font-size: 8pt;

background-color:

Any valid colour or transparent. Initial value transparent.

Examples:

background-color:#3333FF;

background-color:red

color:

Defines the Text colour

Examples:
color: #000033;

CSS Editors

Because CSS is only text then any text editor can be used such as Notepad. Specialised editors can actually write the code for you.

Specialised CSS editors

Dreamweaver

has a built is CSS editor that writes all the code for you.

Students can obtain Dreamweaver in the Macromedia Student Studio MX
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